Token Boards for Reinforcing Behavior in Classroom

Token Boards for Reinforcing Behavior in Classroom Like any educational tool, a token board is most effective when used consistently within the context of a comprehensive classroom management plan. Token boards have been associated with Applied Behavior Analysis, as they provide a simple and visual method of structuring and providing reinforcement. They can be used to narrow or broaden your reinforcement schedule. They can be used to teach children how to defer gratification. They can be used narrowly to address specific behavior problems. At the same time, unless you and your staff or you and your collaborating teacher are clear about how a token is earned, you can end up with a lot of dysfunction. The purpose is to provide clarity about which behaviors, even academic, that you are reinforcing. If you get preoccupied and dont consistently award tokens, you also undermine your whole reinforcement plan. For these reasons, its important to address how you make and use a token board in your classroom. Basically, a token board has individual pictures or tokens that are held in place by Velcro. The tokens are stored on the back of the board until they are moved to the front of the board. Usually, the number of tokens is determined by how long you believe you can defer reinforcement. Many token boards (as the one depicted above) may include a place for the students choice of reinforcement represented by a picture.   Token Boards Used for Reinforcement Creating a clear sense of contingency is the first and primary purpose of a token board. Your student needs to know that he/she receives a token and reinforcement for exhibiting a particular behavior. Teaching contingency is a process of first establishing one to one correspondence. In Applied Behavior Analysis, contingency is critical in order to match the reinforce to the behavior. A Token Board becomes a visual schedule for reinforcement. Whether you put a child on an 8 token schedule or a 4 token schedule, you are expecting a child to understand that they will receive access to reinforcement when they fill their board. There are ways to build toward an eight token board, including starting with a smaller number, or starting with the board partially filled. Still, the likelihood of increasing the behavior, whether it is communication or academic, is to be sure that the child knows that behavior is being reinforced. Addressing Specific Behaviors with a Token Board To start a behavior change program, you need to identify both the behavior you want to change and the behavior that should take its place (replacement behavior.) Once you have identified the replacement behavior, you then need to create a situation where you are reinforcing it quickly using your board. Example Sean sits very poorly at circle time. He gets up frequently and throws himself on the floor if he doesnt get access to a preferred toy, Thomas the Tank Engine. The classroom has a set of cube chairs that are used for circle time. The teacher has determined that the replacement behavior is: John will stay seated in his cube during group with both feet on the floor, participating appropriately in group activities (singing, take a turn, listening quietly.) The Stimulus-Response will be Sitting, please. The naming phrase will be Good sitting, Sean. A classroom aide sits behind Sean in group: when he sits for approximately a minute quietly a token is placed on his chart. When he gets five tokens, he has access to his preferred toy for 2 minutes. When the timer goes off, Sean is returned to the group with Sitting, please! After several successful days, the reinforcement period is expanded to about two minutes, with three-minute access to the reinforcer. Over a couple weeks, this could be expanded to sitting for the entire group (20 minutes) with a 15-minute free place break. Targeting specific behaviors in this way can be extraordinarily effective. The example above is based on a real child with real behavior issues, and it took only a couple of weeks to effect the desired result. Cost Response: Taking a token off the board once it is earned is known as cost response. Some districts or schools may not permit response cost, in part because non-professional or support staff may use it as a punishment, and the motivation may be revenge rather than behavior management. Sometimes taking away a reinforce after it has been earned will generate some pretty unmanageable or even dangerous behavior. Sometimes support staff will use response cost just to get the student to flip out so they can be removed from the classroom and placed in an alternate safe setting (this used to be called isolation.) Token Boards for Classroom Management A token board is one of several different  visual schedules you can use to support classroom management. If you have a reinforcement schedule based on the board, you can specify either a token for each completed tasks or a combination of appropriate participation and work completion. If you give a token for each completed worksheet, you may find that your students choose only the easy ones, so you may want to offer two tokens for a particularly difficult activity. A Reinforcement Menu A menu of reinforcement choices is helpful, so your students know they have a range of choices that are acceptable. You may create a choice chart for each individual child, or permit them to choose from a larger chart. You will also find that different students have different preferences. When you create a students choice chart, it is worthwhile to take the time to do a reinforcement evaluation, especially for students with very low function.

The Parking Lot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Parking Lot - Essay Example This issue should be urgently addressed to address the disorganization and disturbance that it causes in the campus. This is an informational analysis. The authority responsible for this issue is the security department at the campus because they are mandated to handle issues of car parking and issues of disorganization and confusion created. As such, this complaint is directed to the head of the security department at the campus. The lack of ample parking space is a problem in different areas (Arbatskaya, Mukhopadhaya and Rasmusen 4). In campus, it has been an ongoing issue for a long time and has created a nuisance. The numbers of students increase in the campus every year meaning that the numbers of cars, motorcycles and bicycles also increase. Despite the increase, the parking spaces are left unmanaged and the people who own cars, motorcycles and bicycles are left struggling on where to park and as a result of this decide to park anywhere they want. This issue has brought about several unpleasant experiences. First, there have been accidents involving cars, motorcycles and bicycles. Because people decide to park their cars, motorcycles and bicycles anywhere and anyhow they want, it becomes difficult for them to move from places where they have parked, for instance when other cars, motorcycles or bicycles have parked behind them or on the sides. There have been several cases where people have complained that those who had parked either side of their cars had hit and damaged their cars or bikes when getting out and ran away without reporting or helping them repair their cars. The security has been unable to solve such issues because of lack of evidence or information to apprehend the culprits in addition to the fact that it would be difficult to solve such issues when no one knows who had parked the right way. Next, students as well as other people have

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 26

Journal - Essay Example s not just limited to developed countries who have traditionally been more favorable towards women in careers; typically more male-centric areas of the world like India and China are also showing massive improvements in the way that women are treated in the workplace and their access to jobs and education. However, it must be noted that there are still areas for improvement, despite the fact that the arena has changed so much for the better. Women still do not make as much as men overall (men make $23.4 trillion compared to a female $10.5 trillion) which means that their power and access to some things may be limited. However, it is noted by Foroohar et al (2009) that this may be because it will take a while for the elder women who make less money to retire and allow younger women with higher standards of education and economic prospects to take their place. This is again, proof that women are in a much stronger economic position than they have been previously and that this effect will continue to be seen across the globe. There is also evidence that economic conditions, whilst not necessarily excellent for women in the developing world, will continue to improve as households get more access to technology (like television) and see other countries attitudes towards female economic

East Asian literature Essay Example for Free

East Asian literature Essay Based on Yasutaka Tsutsui’s â€Å"The Standing Woman†, the power of the collective over that of the individual is positive. This can be surmised based on three points of argumentation which are the main character’s thoughts at the beginning of the story, the old man’s revelation in his conversation with the main character, and the main character’s discussion with his wife. At the beginning of the story, we find the main character who is a writer thinking about the story that he finished. He mentions that the story is â€Å"capable of neither harm nor good†. Since he had spoken this to himself then it must be true. Later on it would be revealed in the story that his wife who he loves so much has been turned to a manpillar by the government. Yet instead of being angry and seeking vengeance, the man even at the start of the story already seems defeated by the very society that persecuted his wife. At the middle of the story, the writer converses with an old man who reveals that he had also been a writer but is now too afraid of persecution to write anything at all. The conversation shows that society has also broken the old man without even needing to arrest him and turn him into a mantree. The old man’s fear of getting exposed to the public and being ridiculed had already overpowered him and these fears came from society because it is the collective society that has the greatest power to ridicule. The last proof comes from the writer’s discussion with his wife. His wife who had once been so proud and strong has been reduced to a yielding subject to society’s whims to a point of not even protesting injustices done to her by drunks. In conclusion, the power of a collective society truly does overwhelm the resolve of any particular member.

The Tiger Essay -- essays research papers

Tigers are the largest members of the cat family. They live in Asia and belong to the same genus as the lion, leopard, and jaguar. Two major subspecies of the tiger are the Siberian tiger and the Bengal tiger. The tiger is thought to have originated in northern Asia during the Pleistocene Epoch. Scientific classification: Tigers belong to the family Felidae. The scientific classifications of each tiger are listed in the "Types of Tigers" section of this report. Appearance The Siberian tiger measures 4.6 to 9.2 ft long, excluding the tail, which is 27 to 37 in long. The Siberian Tiger weighs 400 to 675 lb. It has thick yellow fur with dark stripes. The Bengal tiger is about 10 ft long, including the tail, and weighs around 400 to 569 lb. It is found in southeastern Asia and in central and southern India. Its coat is flatter than the Siberian tiger's coat, it has a darker color, and the stripes are darker. The Sumatran tiger is even smaller and darker. Ears The tiger's ears are its main advantage when hunting. Tigers have white spots behind their ears to help identify one another in the jungle. Hearing is the tiger's sharpest sense. Eyes The tiger's night vision is six times greater than ours. They have a mirror like layer at the back of the eye that reflects extra light. Tigers also have very good colorful eyesight. Mouth Tigers have long, canine teeth that they use to stab and kill their prey. The molars behind them are like scissors. They slice strips of ...

Movies Influence on a Person’s Life

Movies Influence on a Person’s Life Movies have always been used to instruct and entertain people. Throughout history movies have thought people about war, love, life and death. They have made people happy and sad, angry and remorseful. There is no doubt that movies have had some very important effects on people’s behavior. The movies influences affect in young children as they pass through different levels of growing up, and on people who often watch movies and incorporate them in their own real life activities.The primary reason is that movies have cultural and moral influences on people. For instance, Youngsters love to watch the dancing princesses or the evil ninjas, because of a lack of judgment and knowledge. They will copycat the actions and behaviors in everything whether it is playing, clothes or habits. Children do not have the sense to differentiate fact from vision. They think, what they see is real and can happen to them in the future. Furthermore, horror m ovies created from imaginary stories that show the dark sides of life have the primary aim of scaring and shocking the audience.This can lead to the development of fears and insecurities in the mind of a child. Young children like to use phrases from the movies, and experience the same style of living. Children believe that all those ideas, characterized in movies, are good and correct. Movies include various kinds of contents. In some, for example, scenes involving murders are broadcast, in which a person is killing or being killed by someone. This event in fiction may cause a person to justify bloodshed or murder psychologically.In addition, movies also persuade people to think about themselves, people imagine being placed in a movie instead of the original character. This thought can change a person’s behavior in the real life. It is not strange when a writer gives a solution for a problem in the movie; but people may think that this is the only option for facing the same issue in real life, which is not true. Violence and the use of drugs in the movies often put people in an uncomfortable situation, because people might have had personal experience with drugs or other illegal substances.These types of movies have a very bad impact on people. Instead individuals should watch movies where a person can learn something and through that can bring positive behavior in life. Also movies, in which drinking alcohol is illustrated in a positive way, can play a significant role in a person’s decision to begin drinking at an early age. Research proves that drinking alcohol before the age of 16 is a risk factoring which can prevent development later in life.Movies are tools to help people who want to develop culturally, in broader word, Movies have the power to educate people. Like books movies can teach ethics, make a person grateful, and show the different sides of human nature, in addition, to entertaining and keeping a person happy. Instructive movies are more effective for young children, as once they see it, children will never forget it. What a person can do is to propose the movies which he thinks are able to show the accurate conception.Violence shown through movies affects society and may cause criminal activity. Certain movies should be denied the right to be released on the market. A person needs to know that in everything there has to be control and an equal balance. Teachers should also encourage children to take up reading as a hobby or to watch knowledge related movies. Children should be allowed to watch only movies from which they can learn. People shouldn’t watch movies which bring negative thoughts into their personal lives.

Case 3.1 Hy Dairies - 1695 Words

Case Study 3.1 HY DAIRIES, INC. Discussion Questions: 1. Apply your knowledge of stereotyping and social identity theory to explain what went wrong here. The case covers issues of how perceptions affect individual decision-making process. As an introduction, Syd Gilman, the vice marketing president at Hy Dairies perceived Rochelle Beauport as a potential marketing staff responsible to improve the sagging sales of Hy’s gourmet ice cream brand, thus decided to reward her with a new post of a marketing research coordinator that was taken by him as a valuable post in marketimg field. Rochelle Beauport, unfortunately had a different perceptions and expectations that leading her into a difficult decision making situation of whether to†¦show more content†¦In the second stage, social identification, we adopt the identity of the group we have categorised ourselves as belonging to. If for example you have categorised yourself as a student, the chances are you will adopt the identity of a student and begin to act in the ways you believe students act (and conform to the norms of the group). There will be an emotional signific ance to your identification with a group, and your self-esteem will become bound up with group membership. Again, Gilman had identified himself and Beauport as Hy Dairies’ member that was not true for Beauport who was very new and in different job hierarchy unlike Gilman. Thus, she did not identify herself with Hy dairies and Gilman. The final stage is social comparison. Once we have categorised ourselves as part of a group and have identified with that group we then tend to compare that group with other groups. If our self-esteem is to be maintained our group needs to compare favourably with other groups. This is critical to understanding prejudice, because once two groups identify themselves as rivals they are forced to compete in order for the members to maintain their self-esteem. Competition and hostility between groups is thus not only a matter of competing for resources (like in Sherif’s Robbers Cave) like jobs but also the result of competing identities. Referring to the case, since Beauport had not identified herself with Hy Dairies, yetShow MoreRelatedHys Dairies Case Study Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages| Case Study 3.1 | Hy Dairies, Ltd. | | Rochelle Beauport, Assistant Brand Manager at Hy Dairies, is a member of a visible minority group. She enjoys her position with the company as she finds it both challenging and it has the ability to directly impact the company’s profitability. During her most recent annual performance review, Beauport was offered a new position as a Market Research Co-ordinator. This position is a lateral move. Syd Gilman, the Vice President of Marketing, is offeringRead MoreHy Dairies Case Study Essay664 Words   |  3 PagesSample Assignment   Read Case Study 3.1, Hy Dairies, on pages 85 and 86 in your textbook, and answer Discussion Questions 1–3 on your own before checking the suggested answers below.   Suggested Answers to Case 3.1   1. Apply your knowledge of stereotyping and social identity theory to explain what went wrong here. It may seem that this case involves stereotyping—specifically, that Syd Gilman has stereotyped Rochelle Beauport. In fact, there is no apparent evidence of this stereotypingRead MoreHy Diaries Inc899 Words   |  4 PagesCase study 3.1: HY DAIRIES, INC. 1. Apply your knowledge of stereotyping and social identity theory to explain what went wrong here. Stereotyping is the process of assigning traits to people on the basis of their membership in a social category. Stereotypes generally have some inaccuracies, some overestimation or underestimation of real differences, and some degree of accuracy. One problem with stereotyping is that stereotypes under certain conditions, such as the degree to which theyRead MoreHy Diaries Inc913 Words   |  4 PagesCase study 3.1: HY DAIRIES, INC. 1. Apply your knowledge of stereotyping and social identity theory to explain what went wrong here. Stereotyping is the process of assigning traits to people on the basis of their membership in a social category. Stereotypes generally have some inaccuracies, some overestimation or underestimation of real differences, and some degree of accuracy. One problem with stereotyping is that stereotypes under certain conditions, such as the degree to whichRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesAnnexure III : Annexure IV : Annexure V : Table of Contents iii List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Figure 1.2 : Figure 2.1 : Figure 2.2 : Figure 2.3 : Figure 2.4 : Figure 2.5 : Figure 2.6 : Figure 2.7 : Figure 2.8 : Figure 2.9 : Figure 2.10 : Figure 3.1 : Figure 3.2 : Figure 3.3 : Figure 3.4 : Figure 3.5 : Figure 4.1 : Figure 4.2 : Figure 4.3 : Figure 4.4 : Figure 4.5 : Figure 4.6 : Figure 4.7 : Figure 4.8 : Entrepreneurship Pyramid Registration of new companies according to nature of economic activity